It is estimated that one in five adults in Malaysia has diabetes. And if nothing is done, the cost to treat and manage diabetes in the country will continue to soar.
Deputy Director of Health (Public Health) Datuk Dr Norhayati Rusli told The Health that this increasing trend poses a significant threat, as diabetes is associated with many health complications.
The Health Ministry spent approximately RM4.38 billion in managing diabetes in 2017.
According to the 2019 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), Malaysian individuals aged 18 and above are more likely than ever to have diabetes.
The prevalence increased from 11.2 per cent in 2011, to 18.3 per cent in 2019, a 7.1 per cent rise.
Not only are the number of cases increasing, the cost of treatment is also high. Depending on the type and brand of insulin, the price in Malaysia can range from RM30 to RM200 each month, or more.
This does not include the cost of the shot administration equipment, blood sugar monitor, ongoing medical tests, constant medications, and expensive long-term care.
According to the Federation of Malaysian Consumers Associations president, Datuk Dr Marimuthu Nadason, the rising expense of diabetes will undoubtedly have a negative effect on patients in Malaysia.
“The estimated annual cost of diabetes in Malaysia is approximately US$600 million (RM2.6 billion). It is estimated that a person may spend between RM500 and RM1,000 per month in direct and indirect costs to manage the disease,” said Marimuthu.
“It may make it more difficult to afford the necessary medications and medical care to manage their condition. This would undoubtedly lead to poorer health outcomes and an increased risk of complications from diabetes.
“Increasing treatment costs certainly puts a severe financial strain on individuals and families already struggling with an increasing cost of living and low incomes.
“Especially for low-income patients, but also for those in the lower levels of M40, this is a significant portion of their expenditure. Increasing costs may result in patients reducing their treatment by, among others, reducing their supplements. This would certainly have a long-term impact on the patient’s health.”
Improving quality of managing diabetic patients
Dr Norhayati added that diabetes is a specific chronic disease that needs to be managed comprehensively to prevent complications over time by a multidisciplinary care team.
“Malaysia generally has an efficient and widespread system of healthcare, operating a two-tier healthcare system, consisting of both a government-based universal healthcare system, and a co-existing private healthcare system,” Dr Norhayati said.
“The majority of people with diabetes seek treatment in public health facilities. Malaysia, through the ministry, has established various programmes and interventions to ensure outstanding diabetes care is delivered.
“The establishment of Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) provides evidence-based recommendations to assist healthcare providers in identifying, diagnosing, and amanaging patients with T2DM.
“To support diabetes management in the primary care setting, yearly Diabetes Clinical Audit, together with the Enhanced Primary Health Care (EnPHC) initiative are in place to monitor the quality of management of diabetic patients, help to identify issues, and improve further,” she added.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in diabetes.
This type of diabetes is more common in children and requires life-long insulin replacement to survive.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by insulin resistance, where insulin is produced normally, but its function is impaired by excess body fat.
In Malaysia, the prevalence of overall diabetes increased with age, from 5.4 per cent in the 20-24 age group, reaching a peak of 43.4 per cent (95 per cent CI: 37.37, 49.65) among 65-69-year-olds, as reported by NHMS 2019.
“Unfortunately, T2D is no longer a condition that only affects older people, although the likelihood does increase with age. It is now increasingly seen among adolescents, with the rise of childhood obesity,” shared Dr Norhayati.
According to Duopharma Biotech Berhad chief executive officer (commercial), Wan Amir-Jeffery Wan Abdul Majid, there may be periodic price increases on drugs and medication due to input and supply chain costs.
“In the last three years, it is evident that the costs in the supply chain, raw material, packaging, and even logistics, have increased significantly,” Wan Amir-Jeffery said.
Echoing Wan Amir-Jeffery, Malaysian Pharmacists Society (MPS) president Prof Amrahi Buang stated that the pandemic had contributed to price hikes due to border control, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) supply disruptions, and packaging material disruptions.
“The pandemic resulted in concerns of medicine security and an immense increase in the cost of drugs,” Amrahi said.
Scaling up facilities, bringing down costs
In response to how to cope with the increase in diabetes-related cases, National Diabetes Institute (NADI) chairman Professor Emeritus Datuk Dr Mustaffa Embong said there is a need to put in place adequate capacity in health services, like more health clinics with adequate staffing, including nurses and doctors.
“We should also create a dedicated body to monitor cardio-metabolic diseases and provide advice on reversing the worsening trends,” Mustaffa said.
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM) chairman Dr Michael Jeyakumar agreed on the importance of scaling up the capacity of the nation’s healthcare system to deliver diabetes early intervention and comprehensive treatment.
“The government must put more funds into healthcare by raising it to four per cent of the GDP from the current 2.3 per cent,” he said.
“Early intervention is important to save patients from suffering complications, which are often only partially reversible, and lead to many morbidities. It affects their capacity to earn or look after their families, and the treatment they need is an additional expenditure for the country.”
Jeyakumar added: “Many government clinics have dedicated clinics for diabetes. These should be made available in more government outpatient departments (OPDs) and be staffed by dedicated nurses whose role should include educating these patients on diet, weight control, and exercise, among others.”
Health literacy, awareness key
Inadequate health literacy hinders people from understanding their health, seeking help, and protecting themselves from risk factors and illness.
“Lack of awareness from individuals and society for behaviour change to reduce risk of diabetes is also an important factor,” said Dr Norhayati.
“Data from our NHMS in 2019 showed that in general, 35.1 per cent of adults have low health literacy; 28 per cent have low health literacy in managing medical issues, 32.3 per cent have low health literacy related to disease prevention activities, while 27 per cent have low health literacy in health promotion and healthy lifestyle practices.
“Patients and caretakers need to understand and be knowledgeable about their condition, and accept responsibility for self-care. We need a whole-of-society, and whole-of government approach, as health is the ministry’s, and everyone’s responsibility.”
Meanwhile, Jeyakumar suggested creating more awareness in the general public via a drama series with a diabetic person as one of the key characters, which he believes would be much better and more effective than dry and boring lectures by doctors.
The Association of Specialists in Private Medical Practice in Malaysia (ASPMP) organises diabetes workshops and health screening camps annually to update doctors and the public about the early detection of diabetes and its early intervention.
Its president, Datuk Dr Balwant Singh Gendeh, said this was done through its physicians/endocrinologists in collaboration with the Malaysian Medical Association (MMA).
Marimuthu said environmental change, such as implementing taxes on sugary food and drinks, would increase the price of these items, making them less appealing to consumers.
“Eliminating sugar subsidies and adding a sugar tax would reduce sugar consumption. Due to the extremely high level of diabetes in Malaysia, this may be painful, but a necessary step in Malaysia.
“The government can also encourage the food industry to reduce sugar in their products and offer subsidies or other incentives to promote businesses to provide healthier food options, such as fruits and vegetables.
“Restricting the advertising and marketing of sugary products to children can help prevent our young ones from developing a taste for sugary food at an early age.”
He added that the government must also improve access to healthy food in low-income communities and make it more affordable.
“Ensure affordable healthy foods at school canteens and collaborate with schools to promote healthy eating,” Marimuthu added. – The Health
